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302) Assuming a fixed total sample size at each level (number of clusters or centers, number of patients), we derive the optimal proportion of the total sample to be allocated to each treatment arm.
* Efficient treatment allocation in two-way nested designs.
- Cluster randomized and multicenter trials sometimes combine two treatments A and B in a factorial design, with conditions such as A, B, A and B, or none. This results in a two-way nested design. The usual issue of sample size and power now arises for various clinically relevant contrast hypotheses. Assuming a fixed total sample size at each level (number of clusters or centers, number of patients), we derive the optimal proportion of the total sample to be allocated to each treatment arm. We consider treatment assignment first at the highest level (cluster randomized trial) and then at the lowest level (multicenter trial). We derive the optimal allocation ratio for various sets of clinically relevant hypotheses. We then evaluate the efficiency of each allocation and show that the popular balanced design is optimal or highly efficient for a range of research questions except for contrasting one treatment arm with all other treatment arms. We finally present simple equations for the total sample size needed to test each effect of interest in a balanced design, as a function of effect size, power and type I error α. All results are illustrated on a cluster-randomized trial on smoking prevention in primary schools and on a multicenter trial on lifestyle improvement in general practices.
=>1.(車が)全壊する, 全損する, 2.全体の, 全ての, 総計の, 総体の, 全くの, 完全な, 総力の, 3.総額, 総計,
全体の, (車が)全壊する, 合計(する), なる
Overview of noun total
The noun total has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (13) sum, total, totality, aggregate -- (the whole amount)
2. (6) sum, amount, total -- (a quantity obtained by the addition of a group of numbers)
Overview of verb total
The verb total has 3 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (16) total, number, add up, come, amount -- (add up in number or quantity; "The bills amounted to
$2,000"; "The bill came to $2,000")
2. (2) total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate, tote up, add, add together, tally, add up --
(determine the sum of; "Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town")
3. total -- (damage beyond the point of repair; "My son totaled our new car"; "the rock star totals
his guitar at every concert")
Overview of adj total
The adj total has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (31) entire, full, total -- (constituting the full quantity or extent; complete; "an entire town
devastated by an earthquake"; "gave full attention"; "a total failure")
2. (2) full, total -- (complete in extent or degree and in every particular; "a full game"; "a total
eclipse"; "a total disaster")
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