ELIZA

return kwic search for time out of >500 occurrences
357929 occurrences (No.51 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]

182) To determine whether the PM2.5 and ozone affect endothelium system, iNOS, eNOS, and ICAM-1 mRNA levels in lung were analyzed by real-time PCR.

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PMID:24136897 DOI:10.1002/tox.21912

2015 Environmental toxicology

* Rat lung response to ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures.

- Exposure to different ambient pollutants maybe more toxic to lung than exposure to a single pollutant. In this study, we discussed the inflammation and oxidative stress responses of rat lung caused by ozone and PM2.5 versus that of rats exposed to saline, ozone, or single PM2.5 . Wistar rats inhaled 0.8 ppm ozone or air for 4 h and then placed in air for 3 h following intratracheal instillation with 0, 0.2 (low dose), 0.8 (medium dose), 3.2 (high dose) mg/rat PM2.5 dissolved in sterile saline (0.25 mL/rat), repeated twice per week for 3 weeks, the cumulative doses of PM2.5 in animals were 1.2, 4.8, and 19.2 mg. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last (sixth) exposure. The collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for inflammatory cells and cytokines. Lung tissues were processed for light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examinations. Results showed that total cell number in BALF of PM2.5 -exposed groups were higher than control (p < 0.05). PM2.5 instillation caused dose-trend increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6, lactate dehydrogenase, and total protein of BALF. Exposure to ozone alone only caused TNF-α significant change in above-mentioned indicators of lung injury. On the other hand, ozone could enhance PM2.5-induced inflammatory changes and pathological characters in rat lungs. SOD and GSH-Px activities in lung were reduced in PM2.5-exposed rats with and without prior ozone exposure compared to control. To determine whether the PM2.5 and ozone affect endothelium system, iNOS, eNOS, and ICAM-1 mRNA levels in lung were analyzed by real-time PCR. These data demonstrated that inflammation and oxidative stress were involved in toxicology mechanisms of PM2.5 in rat lung and ozone potentiated these effects induced by PM2.5. These results have implications for understanding the pulmonary effects induced by ozone and PM2.5.

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(1)48 null	(14)6 periods	(27)3 frames	(40)2 needed
(2)40 of	(15)5 frame	(28)3 on	(41)2 parameters
(3)34 and	(16)5 from	(29)3 quantitative	(42)2 pressure
(4)34 to	(17)5 period	(30)3 since	(43)2 required
(5)14 in	(18)5 physical	(31)3 taken	(44)2 spacing
(6)12 PCR	(19)5 the	(32)2 1	(45)2 spent
(7)11 was	(20)4 a	(33)2 1)	(46)2 targets
(8)10 points	(21)4 by	(34)2 PCR,	(47)2 test
(9)9 for	(22)4 or	(35)2 data	(48)2 that
(10)8 course	(23)4 reverse	(36)2 even	(49)2 use
(11)8 polymerase	(24)4 series	(37)2 interval	(50)2 used
(12)6 RT-PCR	(25)3 aerobic	(38)2 it	(51)2 will
(13)6 manner	(26)3 consuming	(39)2 maintain

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--- WordNet output for time --- =>1.時代, 季節, 歳月, 当時, 現代, 一生, 年季, 就業時間, 期間, 時刻, 時点, 機会, 拍子, 速度, 何度, 何回, 時, 時間, 回, 2.時間[速度]を測定する, 時間を決める, (装置などの)タイミングを調節する Overview of noun time The noun time has 10 senses (first 9 from tagged texts) 1. (219) time, clip -- (an instance or single occasion for some event; "this time he succeeded"; "he called four times"; "he could do ten at a clip") 2. (160) time -- (a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something; "take time to smell the roses"; "I didn't have time to finish"; "it took more than half my time") 3. (114) time -- (an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities); "he waited a long time"; "the time of year for planting"; "he was a great actor in his time") 4. (43) time -- (a suitable moment; "it is time to go") 5. (36) time -- (the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past) 6. (10) time -- (a person's experience on a particular occasion; "he had a time holding back the tears"; "they had a good time together") 7. (7) clock time, time -- (a reading of a point in time as given by a clock; "do you know what time it is?"; "the time is 10 o'clock") 8. (5) fourth dimension, time -- (the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event) 9. (1) meter, metre, time -- (rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration) 10. prison term, sentence, time -- (the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned; "he served a prison term of 15 months"; "his sentence was 5 to 10 years"; "he is doing time in the county jail") Overview of verb time The verb time has 5 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (4) clock, time -- (measure the time or duration of an event or action or the person who performs an action in a certain period of time; "he clocked the runners") 2. (3) time -- (assign a time for an activity or event; "The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene") 3. (1) time -- (set the speed, duration, or execution of; "we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely") 4. time -- (regulate or set the time of; "time the clock") 5. time -- (adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time; "The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely") --- WordNet end ---