ELIZA

return kwic search for through out of >500 occurrences
437431 occurrences (No.38 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

256) The activation of mazEF system is achieved through inhibition of transcription or translation of mazEF loci.

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PMID:23799870 DOI:10.3109/1040841X.2013.804030

2015 Critical reviews in microbiology

* mazEF-mediated programmed cell death in bacteria: "what is this?".

- Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems consist of a bicistronic operon, encoding a toxin and an antitoxin. They are widely distributed in the prokaryotic kingdom, often in multiple numbers. TAs are implicated in contradicting phenomena of persistence and programmed cell death (PCD) in bacteria. mazEF TA system, one of the widely distributed type II toxin-antitoxin systems, is particularly implicated in PCD of Escherichia coli. Nutrient starvation, antibiotic stress, heat shock, DNA damage and other kinds of stresses are shown to elicit mazEF-mediated-PCD. ppGpp and extracellular death factor play a central role in regulating mazEF-mediated PCD. The activation of mazEF system is achieved through inhibition of transcription or translation of mazEF loci. Upon activation, MazF cleaves RNA in a ribosome-independent fashion and subsequent processes result in cell death. It is hypothesized that PCD aids in perseverance of the population during stress; the surviving minority of the cells can scavenge the nutrients released by the dead cells, a kind of "nutritional-altruism." Issues regarding the strains, reproducibility of experimental results and ecological plausibility necessitate speculation. We review the molecular mechanisms of the activation of mazEF TA system, the consequences leading to cell death and the pros and cons of the altruism hypothesis from an ecological perspective.

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[frequency of next (right) word to through]

(1)113 the	(12)3 biological	(23)2 direct	(34)2 low
(2)51 a	(13)3 both	(24)2 evidence	(35)2 maternal
(3)11 an	(14)3 cortical	(25)2 focus	(36)2 paracrine
(4)10 which	(15)3 histological	(26)2 four	(37)2 promoting
(5)5 their	(16)3 infancy	(27)2 human	(38)2 rat
(6)4 activation	(17)3 interaction	(28)2 information,	(39)2 reward
(7)4 its	(18)3 simulation	(29)2 inhibition	(40)2 skin
(8)4 median	(19)2 2012	(30)2 interactions	(41)2 such
(9)4 three	(20)2 August	(31)2 international	(42)2 these
(10)4 use	(21)2 PCR-based	(32)2 intersection
(11)3 analysis	(22)2 different	(33)2 interviews

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--- WordNet output for through --- =>直通の, のために, の間じゅう, 終わって, を貫いて, の中を通って, のいたるところに, を通じて Overview of adj through The adj through has 2 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (4) done, through, through with -- (having finished or arrived at completion; "certain to make history before he's done"; "it's a done deed"; "after the treatment, the patient is through except for follow-up"; "almost through with his studies") 2. through -- ((of a route or journey etc.) continuing without requiring stops or changes; "a through street"; "a through bus"; "through traffic") Overview of adv through The adv through has 5 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (5) through -- (from beginning to end; "read this book through") 2. (2) through -- (over the whole distance; "this bus goes through to New York") 3. (1) through -- (to completion; "think this through very carefully!") 4. through -- (in diameter; "this cylinder measures 15 inches through") 5. through, through and through -- (throughout the entire extent; "got soaked through in the rain"; "I'm frozen through"; "a letter shot through with the writer's personality"; "knew him through and through"; "boards rotten through and through") --- WordNet end ---