ELIZA

return kwic search for study aim out of >500 occurrences
45414 occurrences (No.1558 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]

449) Likewise, any secondary study outcomes arise from and directly align with any secondary study aim or objective.

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PMID:28682958 DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002224

2017 Anesthesia and analgesia

* Defining the Primary Outcomes and Justifying Secondary Outcomes of a Study: Usually, the Fewer, the Better.

- One of the first steps in designing and conducting a research study is identifying the primary and any secondary study outcomes. In an experimental, quasi-experimental, or analytic observational research study, the primary study outcomes arise from and align directly with the primary study aim or objective. Likewise, any secondary study outcomes arise from and directly align with any secondary study aim or objective. One designated primary study outcome then forms the basis for and is incorporated literally into the stated hypothesis. In a Methods section, authors clearly state and define each primary and any secondary study outcome variable. In the same Methods section, authors clearly describe how all primary and any secondary study outcome variables were measured. Enough detail is provided so that a clinician, statistician, or informatician can know exactly what is being measured and that other investigators could duplicate the measurements in their research venue. The authors provide published substantiation (preferably) or other documented evidence of the validity and reliability of any applied measurement instrument, tool, or scale. A common pitfall-and often fatal study design flaw-is the application of a newly created ("home-grown") or ad hoc modification of an existing measurement instrument, tool, or scale-without any supporting evidence of its validity and reliability. An optimal primary outcome is the one for which there is the most existing or plausible evidence of being associated with the exposure of interest or intervention. Including too many primary outcomes can (a) lead to an unfocused research question and study and (b) present problems with interpretation if the treatment effect differed across the outcomes. Inclusion of secondary variables in the study design and the resulting manuscript needs to be justified. Secondary outcomes are particularly helpful if they lend supporting evidence for the primary endpoint. A composite endpoint is an endpoint consisting of several outcome variables that are typically correlated with each. In designing a study, researchers limit components of a composite endpoint to variables on which the intervention of interest would most plausibly have an effect, and optimally with preliminary evidence of an effect. Ideally, components of a strong composite endpoint have similar treatment effect, frequency, and severity-with the most important being similar severity.

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--- WordNet output for study --- =>1.〜を勉強[研究]する, 学ぶ, 調べる, 2.調査, 勉強, 3.書斎, 勉強する Overview of noun study The noun study has 10 senses (first 8 from tagged texts) 1. (90) survey, study -- (a detailed critical inspection) 2. (17) study, work -- (applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading); "mastering a second language requires a lot of work"; "no schools offer graduate study in interior design") 3. (6) report, study, written report -- (a written document describing the findings of some individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale") 4. (6) study -- (a state of deep mental absorption; "she is in a deep study") 5. (6) study -- (a room used for reading and writing and studying; "he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study") 6. (3) discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study, study, bailiwick -- (a branch of knowledge; "in what discipline is his doctorate?"; "teachers should be well trained in their subject"; "anthropology is the study of human beings") 7. (2) sketch, study -- (preliminary drawing for later elaboration; "he made several studies before starting to paint") 8. (1) cogitation, study -- (attentive consideration and meditation; "after much cogitation he rejected the offer") 9. study -- (someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play); "he is a quick study") 10. study -- (a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique; "a study in spiccato bowing") Overview of verb study The verb study has 6 senses (first 6 from tagged texts) 1. (73) analyze, analyse, study, examine, canvass, canvas -- (consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning; "analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare"; "analyze the evidence in a criminal trial"; "analyze your real motives") 2. (17) study -- (be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning) 3. (15) study, consider -- (give careful consideration to; "consider the possibility of moving") 4. (13) learn, study, read, take -- (be a student of a certain subject; "She is reading for the bar exam") 5. (5) study, hit the books -- (learn by reading books; "He is studying geology in his room"; "I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now") 6. (2) study, meditate, contemplate -- (think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes; "He is meditating in his study") --- WordNet end ---