* Inflammatory Biomarkers and Atrial Fibrillation: Potential Role of Inflammatory Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Atrial Fibrillation-induced Thromboembolism.
- Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet activation contribute to the prothrombotic pro-inflammatory state associated with AF. Inflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin 6, promote the production of tissue factor (TF) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) and aggravate endothelial dysfunction leading to increased coagulation and depressed fibrinolytic activity. The interaction of vWF and glycoprotein Ib (vWF-GPIb) receptor activates 'thrombo-inflammatory' pathways promoting thromboembolism. Moreover, platelet activation driven by plateletleukocyte/ monocyte interaction attribute to AF-related thrombosis. Biochemical pathways such as CD40-CD40 ligand and P-selectin-P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 are considered important mediators of platelet-leukocyte interactions in the setting of AF. Further studies are required to address the clinical implications of inflammatory biomarkers in the prediction of AF-related thromboembolism. Indeed, inflammatory pathways could be also considered as therapeutic targets in an effort to reduce the clinical consequences of thromboembolism and improve outcomes in AF.
Overview of noun study
The noun study has 10 senses (first 8 from tagged texts)
1. (90) survey, study -- (a detailed critical inspection)
2. (17) study, work -- (applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by
reading); "mastering a second language requires a lot of work"; "no schools offer graduate study in
interior design")
3. (6) report, study, written report -- (a written document describing the findings of some
individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale")
4. (6) study -- (a state of deep mental absorption; "she is in a deep study")
5. (6) study -- (a room used for reading and writing and studying; "he knocked lightly on the closed
door of the study")
6. (3) discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study, study, bailiwick --
(a branch of knowledge; "in what discipline is his doctorate?"; "teachers should be well trained in
their subject"; "anthropology is the study of human beings")
7. (2) sketch, study -- (preliminary drawing for later elaboration; "he made several studies before
starting to paint")
8. (1) cogitation, study -- (attentive consideration and meditation; "after much cogitation he
rejected the offer")
9. study -- (someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play); "he is a
quick study")
10. study -- (a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique; "a study in
spiccato bowing")
Overview of verb study
The verb study has 6 senses (first 6 from tagged texts)
1. (73) analyze, analyse, study, examine, canvass, canvas -- (consider in detail and subject to an
analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning; "analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare";
"analyze the evidence in a criminal trial"; "analyze your real motives")
2. (17) study -- (be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning)
3. (15) study, consider -- (give careful consideration to; "consider the possibility of moving")
4. (13) learn, study, read, take -- (be a student of a certain subject; "She is reading for the bar
exam")
5. (5) study, hit the books -- (learn by reading books; "He is studying geology in his room"; "I
have an exam next week; I must hit the books now")
6. (2) study, meditate, contemplate -- (think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes; "He
is meditating in his study")
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