* In vitro evaluation of S-(+)-ibuprofen as drug candidate for intra-articular drug delivery system.
- Intra-articular drug delivery systems (DDSs) are envisaged as interesting alternative to locally release non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen to reduce pain in patients with osteoarthritis. The present study examines the efficacy of S-(+)-ibuprofen on cartilage degradation as drug candidate for DDS loading. Humeral cartilage and joint capsule explants were collected from healthy sheep shoulder joints and they were cultured in mono- or in co-culture for 13 days with LPS in combination with S-(+)-ibuprofen at 50 µM and 1 mM. S-(+)-ibuprofen (50 µM) blocked prostaglandins production in LPS-activated explants but did not reduce cartilage degradation. By contrast, 1 mM S-(+)-ibuprofen treatment of cartilage explants reduced nitric oxide synthesis by 51% (p = 0.0072), proteoglycans degradation by 35% (p = 0.0114) and expression of serum amyloid protein - the main protein induced upon LPS challenge - by 44% (p < 0.0001). On contrary, in presence of synovial membrane, the protective effects of S-(+)-ibuprofen on cartilage damages were significantly diminished. At 1mM, S-(+)-ibuprofen reduced the cell lysis during culture of cartilage and joint capsule either in mono- or in co-culture. This study performed on sheep explants shows that 1 mM S-(+)-ibuprofen inhibited cartilage degradation via a mechanism independent of cyclooxygenase inhibition. Reduction of prostaglandins synthesis at 50 µM in all treatment groups and reduction of cartilage degradation observed at 1 mM suggest that S-(+)-ibuprofen could be considered as a promising drug candidate for the loading of intra-articular DDS.
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Overview of verb reduce
The verb reduce has 20 senses (first 11 from tagged texts)
1. (102) reduce, cut down, cut back, trim, trim down, trim back, cut, bring down -- (cut down on;
make a reduction in; "reduce your daily fat intake"; "The employer wants to cut back health
benefits")
2. (9) reduce -- (make less complex; "reduce a problem to a single question")
3. (5) reduce -- (bring to humbler or weaker state or condition; "He reduced the population to
slavery")
4. (3) reduce -- (simplify the form of a mathematical equation of expression by substituting one
term for another)
5. (3) reduce -- (lower in grade or rank or force somebody into an undignified situation; "She
reduced her niece to a servant")
6. (3) reduce, come down, boil down -- (be the essential element; "The proposal boils down to a
compromise")
7. (2) shrink, reduce -- (reduce in size; reduce physically; "Hot water will shrink the sweater";
"Can you shrink this image?")
8. (1) reduce -- (lessen and make more modest; "reduce one's standard of living")
9. (1) reduce, scale down -- (make smaller; "reduce an image")
10. (1) deoxidize, deoxidise, reduce -- (to remove oxygen from a compound, or cause to react with
hydrogen or form a hydride, or to undergo an increase in the number of electrons)
11. (1) reduce, tighten -- (narrow or limit; "reduce the influx of foreigners")
12. repress, quash, keep down, subdue, subjugate, reduce -- (put down by force or intimidation; "The
government quashes any attempt of an uprising"; "China keeps down her dissidents very efficiently";
"The rich landowners subjugated the peasants working the land")
13. reduce -- (undergo meiosis; "The cells reduce")
14. reduce -- (reposition (a broken bone after surgery) back to its normal site)
15. reduce -- (destress and thus weaken a sound when pronouncing it)
16. abridge, foreshorten, abbreviate, shorten, cut, contract, reduce -- (reduce in scope while
retaining essential elements; "The manuscript must be shortened")
17. boil down, reduce, decoct, concentrate -- (be cooked until very little liquid is left; "The
sauce should reduce to one cup")
18. reduce, boil down, concentrate -- (cook until very little liquid is left; "The cook reduced the
sauce by boiling it for a long time")
19. dilute, thin, thin out, reduce, cut -- (lessen the strength or flavor of a solution or mixture;
"cut bourbon")
20. reduce, melt off, lose weight, slim, slenderize, thin, slim down -- (take off weight)
Overview of adj reduced
The adj reduced has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (6) decreased, reduced -- (made less in size or amount or degree)
2. (1) reduced, rock-bottom -- (well below normal (especially in price))
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