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286534 occurrences (No.87 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

20) Optimized ablation rate of 5.2 mm(3)/min without any accompanying side effects was obtained with an average output power of 9 W, a pulse repetition rate of 500 kHz, and an applied fluence of 2.5 J/cm(2).

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PMID:24458532 DOI:10.1007/s10103-014-1520-9

2015 Lasers in medical science

* Ablation of porcine bone tissue with an ultrashort pulsed laser (USPL) system.

- Ultrashort pulsed lasers (USPLs) represent a new generation of laser systems in the field of biophotonical applications. In terms of a pilot project, the study was carried out to evaluate the ablation parameters of bone tissue regarding the medical use of such a laser technology in dentistry. Specimens from ribs of freshly slaughtered pigs were assembled and irradiated with an USP Nd:YVO4 laser (pulse duration 8 ps at 1,064 nm with repetition rates between 50 and 500 kHz) using eligible average output powers in the range of 3.5-9 W and fluences between 1 and 2.5 J/cm(2). Square-shaped cavities of 1-mm edge length in the bone compacta were created employing a scanner system. Cavities were analyzed with an optical profilometer to determine the ablated volume. Ablation rate was calculated by the ablated volume and the recorded irradiation time by the scanner software. Additionally, samples were examined histologically to investigate side effects of the surrounding tissue. Formed cavities showed a precise and sharp-edged appearance in bone compacta. Optimized ablation rate of 5.2 mm(3)/min without any accompanying side effects was obtained with an average output power of 9 W, a pulse repetition rate of 500 kHz, and an applied fluence of 2.5 J/cm(2). Provided that the used laser system will be advanced and adjusted for clinical applications, the outcome of this study shows auspicious possibilities for the use of USPL systems in the preparation of bone tissue.

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(1)163 of	(9)7 to	(17)3 were	(25)2 may
(2)56 was	(10)6 at	(18)3 without	(26)2 or
(3)44 and	(11)4 as	(19)2 (HR)	(27)2 per
(4)34 null	(12)4 from	(20)2 =	(28)2 product
(5)14 in	(13)4 variability	(21)2 by	(29)2 step
(6)9 is	(14)3 after	(22)2 compared	(30)2 that
(7)8 for	(15)3 coding	(23)2 due	(31)2 under
(8)7 than	(16)3 ranged	(24)2 enzyme	(32)2 which

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--- WordNet output for rate --- =>価格を評定する, 割合, 率, 歩合, 料金, 値段, 相場, 速度, 度合, 人を〜を思う, みなす, 価値がある, 人を〜とみなす, 科金, 評価する Overview of noun rate The noun rate has 4 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (68) rate -- (a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit; "they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour"; "the rate of change was faster than expected") 2. (39) rate, charge per unit -- (amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis; "a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5") 3. (1) pace, rate -- (the relative speed of progress or change; "he lived at a fast pace"; "he works at a great rate"; "the pace of events accelerated") 4. rate -- (a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure; "the literacy rate"; "the retention rate"; "the dropout rate") Overview of verb rate The verb rate has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (9) rate, rank, range, order, grade, place -- (assign a rank or rating to; "how would you rank these students?"; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide") 2. (2) rate -- (be worthy of or have a certain rating; "This bond rates highly") 3. (1) rate, value -- (estimate the value of; "How would you rate his chances to become President?"; "Gold was rated highly among the Romans") --- WordNet end ---