ELIZA cgi-bash version rev. 1.90
- Medical English LInking keywords finder for the PubMed Zipped Archive (ELIZA) -
return
kwic search for present out of >500 occurrences
505151 occurrences (No.26 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache]
500 found
308) The present results confirmed previous data showing the development and expression of nicotine-induced sensitization of locomotor activity in the rat.
* The effect of varenicline on the development and expression of nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization in rats.
- The present study focused on the evaluation of behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization induced by nicotine and varenicline in rats. Furthermore, it examined the influence of varenicline, a partial alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor agonist, on nicotine-induced sensitization. To assess the development of behavioral sensitization, rats were chronically treated with vehicle, varenicline (0.03-3.0 mg/kg), nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) or combinations for 5 days and locomotor activity was measured. The expression of sensitization was assessed following a withdrawal period (17-26 days). The present results confirmed previous data showing the development and expression of nicotine-induced sensitization of locomotor activity in the rat. Varenicline did not induce sensitization on its own. When varenicline and nicotine were repeatedly administered sequentially, varenicline blocked the development and expression of nicotine-induced sensitization. Acute varenicline blocked the expression of nicotine-induced sensitization in a dose-dependent manner. Acute varenicline did not significantly increase locomotor activity, nor did it attenuate nicotine-induced sensitization. However, varenicline did cross-sensitize to the effects of nicotine, and vice versa. The present study showed that varenicline produced a dose-dependent bidirectional cross-sensitization with nicotine. Taken together, these findings provide pre-clinical evidence that varenicline is able to attenuate the effects of nicotine, yet simultaneously 'substitutes' for the effects of nicotine in the rat. Longitudinal studies would be needed to see if similar effects are seen in the clinical setting, and whether such effects contribute to the actions of varenicline as a smoking cessation aid.
=>出席している, そこにある, 現在の, 今の, 当面の, いあわせている, 考慮している, 現在, を人に贈る,
進呈する, を与える, を渡す, を紹介する, を公開する, を見せる, 示す, 贈り物, 【文法】現在時制の,
プレゼント, 贈る, ある, 現在形の
Overview of noun present
The noun present has 3 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (17) present, nowadays -- (the period of time that is happening now; any continuous stretch of
time including the moment of speech; "that is enough for the present"; "he lives in the present with
no thought of tomorrow")
2. (4) present -- (something presented as a gift; "his tie was a present from his wife")
3. present, present tense -- (a verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking)
Overview of verb present
The verb present has 13 senses (first 10 from tagged texts)
1. (40) show, demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate -- (give an exhibition of to an interested
audience; "She shows her dogs frequently"; "We will demo the new software in Washington")
2. (28) present, represent, lay out -- (bring forward and present to the mind; "We presented the
arguments to him"; "We cannot represent this knowledge to our formal reason")
3. (14) stage, present, represent -- (perform (a play), especially on a stage; "we are going to
stage `Othello'")
4. (13) present, submit -- (hand over formally)
5. (7) present, pose -- (introduce; "This poses an interesting question")
6. (3) award, present -- (give, especially as an honor or reward; "bestow honors and prizes at
graduation")
7. (3) give, gift, present -- (give as a present; make a gift of; "What will you give her for her
birthday?")
8. (3) deliver, present -- (deliver (a speech, oration, or idea); "The commencement speaker
presented a forceful speech that impressed the students")
9. (2) introduce, present, acquaint -- (cause to come to know personally; "permit me to acquaint you
with my son"; "introduce the new neighbors to the community")
10. (1) portray, present -- (represent abstractly, for example in a painting, drawing, or sculpture;
"The father is portrayed as a good-looking man in this painting")
11. confront, face, present -- (present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize; "We
confronted him with the evidence"; "He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his
actions"; "An enormous dilemma faces us")
12. present -- (formally present a debutante, a representative of a country, etc.)
13. salute, present -- (recognize with a gesture prescribed by a military regulation; assume a
prescribed position; "When the officers show up, the soldiers have to salute")
Overview of adj present
The adj present has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts)
1. (60) present -- (temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening
or in consideration; "the present leader"; "articles for present use"; "the present topic"; "the
present system"; "present observations")
2. (39) present -- (being or existing in a specified place; "the murderer is present in this room";
"present at the wedding"; "present at the creation")
--- WordNet end ---