* Benzimidazole-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in indigenous Chiapas and Pelibuey sheep breeds from Chiapas, Mexico.
- Because of the natural adaptation of Mexican sheep, the aim of the present study was to identify the presence or absence of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes (GIN) resistant to benzimidazole (BZ) in both Chiapas and Pelibuey sheep breeds on local farms. Both male and female GIN-infected grazing sheep of the two breeds were selected. Sheep faecal samples were collected to obtain infective larvae (L3). This evolving stage of the parasite was used for taxonomic identification of the genus, based on its morphological characteristics. BZ anthelmintic resistance was evaluated using a nematode-compound in vitro interaction bioassay and the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction technique to detect mutations of residues 198 and 200 on isotype 1 of the β-tubulin gene. Three BZ-based compounds (febendazole (FBZ), tiabendazole (TBZ) and albendazole (ABZ)) at concentrations of 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.062 and 0.03 mg/ml were used to estimate the anthelmintic efficacy and lethal dose (LD50, LD90 and LD99) of the drugs. Two parasitic nematodes, Haemonchus and Teladorsagia, were identified in both isolates. Also, the proportions of anthelmintic resistance identified in GIN of the two sheep breeds were 68% in isolates from the Chiapas breed and 71.8% in the Pelibuey breed. The specific lethal activity obtained with FBZ was higher than 90%. However, TBZ and ABZ showed a lethal activity lower than 50%. High variability in the discriminating dose values was found among the BZ drugs. For example, FBZ LD ranged from 0.01 to 1.20 mg/ml; on the other hand, TBZ and ABZ required a dose ranging from 0.178 to 759 mg/ml. In addition, amino acid changes of Phe (TTC) to Tyr (TAC) at codon 200 of the β-tubulin gene, showing resistance to BZ, and no changes at codon 198 Glu (GAA) to Ala (GCA) were observed for both isolates. These results confirmed the presence of a genetic mutation associated with BZ in both Chiapas and Pelibuey nematode isolates.
=>1.低くする/なる, 下げる/下がる, 卑しめる, 2.しかめっ面, 3.lowの比較級
Overview of noun lower
The noun lower has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts)
1. lower berth, lower -- (the lower of two berths)
Overview of verb lower
The verb lower has 5 senses (first 3 from tagged texts)
1. (15) lower, take down, let down, get down, bring down -- (move something or somebody to a lower
position; "take down the vase from the shelf")
2. (6) lower, lour -- (set lower; "lower a rating"; "lower expectations")
3. (1) turn down, lower, lour -- (make lower or quieter; "turn down the volume of a radio")
4. lower, depress -- (cause to drop or sink; "The lack of rain had depressed the water level in the
reservoir")
5. frown, glower, lour, lower -- (look angry or sullen, wrinkle one's forehead, as if to signal
disapproval)
Overview of adj low
The adj low has 10 senses (first 6 from tagged texts)
1. (55) low -- (less than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "low prices"; "the reservoir is
low")
2. (23) low -- (literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward
extension; "low ceilings"; "low clouds"; "low hills"; "the sun is low"; "low furniture"; "a low
bow")
3. (11) low, low-toned -- (very low in volume; "a low murmur"; "the low-toned murmur of the surf")
4. (6) low -- (unrefined in character; "low comedy")
5. (4) low, low-pitched -- (used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency)
6. (3) abject, low, low-down, miserable, scummy, scurvy -- (of the most contemptible kind; "abject
cowardice"; "a low stunt to pull"; "a low-down sneak"; "his miserable treatment of his family"; "You
miserable skunk!"; "a scummy rabble"; "a scurvy trick")
7. humble, low, lowly, modest, small -- (low or inferior in station or quality; "a humble cottage";
"a lowly parish priest"; "a modest man of the people"; "small beginnings")
8. depleted, low -- (no longer sufficient; "supplies are low"; "our funds are depleted")
9. broken, crushed, humbled, humiliated, low -- (subdued or brought low in condition or status;
"brought low"; "a broken man"; "his broken spirit")
10. gloomy, grim, blue, depressed, dispirited, down, downcast, downhearted, down in the mouth, low,
low-spirited -- (filled with melancholy and despondency ; "gloomy at the thought of what he had to
face"; "gloomy predictions"; "a gloomy silence"; "took a grim view of the economy"; "the darkening
mood"; "lonely and blue in a strange city"; "depressed by the loss of his job"; "a dispirited and
resigned expression on her face"; "downcast after his defeat"; "feeling discouraged and
downhearted")
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