ELIZA

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288686 occurrences (No.85 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

190) Local residual uncertainty of the upper and lower spine was also derived assuming perfect co-registration of the skull.

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PMID:24325133 DOI:10.7785/tcrt.2012.500391

2015 Technology in cancer research & treatment

* Assessment of three-dimensional set-up errors using megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) during image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for craniospinal irradiation (CSI) on helical tomotherapy (HT).

- The purpose of this study was to assess three-dimensional (3D) set-up errors using megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) during image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for supine craniospinal irradiation (CSI) on helical tomotherapy (HT). Patients were immobilized in a customized 4-clamp thermoplastic head mask with or without whole-body vacuum cradle. Set-up was based primarily on a set of cranial fiducial markers. MVCT scans were acquired and co-registered with planning scan separately at three different levels (brain, upper, and lower spine) at every fraction. Only translational displacements were analysed, wherein positive sign denotes deviation in anterior, left, and superior direction; while negative sign denotes deviation in posterior, right, and inferior direction. Mean displacements, systematic, and random errors of the study population were calculated at all three levels separately. Local residual uncertainty of the upper and lower spine was also derived assuming perfect co-registration of the skull. Set-up margins for clinical target volume (CTV) to planning target volume (PTV) were derived at these three levels separately using published margin recipes. Data from 1868 co-registrations in 674 fractions on 33 patients was included. The mean displacements in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions were -1.21, -1.36, and 1.38 mm; -1.25, -0.34, and 0.65 mm; and -1.47, -2.78, and 0.22 mm for the brain; upper spine; and lumbar spine respectively. The corresponding 3D vector of displacement was 2.28; 1.45; and 3.15 mm respectively. There was a distinct systematic trend towards increasing inaccuracy from the brain towards the lower spine. Using Stroom's formula, the minimum recommended CTV to PTV margins in absence of daily image-guidance were 6.5; 7.0; and 9.5 mm for the brain; upper spine; and lower spine respectively. This increased to 7.5; 8.5; and 11.5 mm using van Herk's formula. Subset and sensitivity analyses could not identify any factor predictive of increased inaccuracy. Residual uncertainty of the spinal column was lesser after daily co-registration referenced to the skull, suggesting that smaller set-up margins maybe appropriate while using daily image-guidance with an online correction protocol. Daily MVCT imaging during supine CSI on HT provides volumetric verification of the set-up process. There is substantial site-dependent variability in translational displacements that increases systematically from brain towards the lower spine with implications for differential set-up -margins for the brain, upper, and lower spine.

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(1)38 than	(19)4 incidence	(37)3 socioeconomic	(55)2 expression
(2)35 in	(20)4 leg	(38)3 stresses	(56)2 eyelid
(3)19 levels	(21)4 spine	(39)3 values	(57)2 eyelids
(4)12 extremity	(22)4 total	(40)2 Condom	(58)2 frequencies
(5)11 risk	(23)3 (P	(41)2 EI	(59)2 frequency
(6)7 compared	(24)3 null	(42)2 IQ	(60)2 likelihood
(7)7 level	(25)3 ASM/wt	(43)2 abdominal	(61)2 limit
(8)7 limb	(26)3 education	(44)2 among	(62)2 microleakage
(9)5 at	(27)3 educational	(45)2 back	(63)2 perceived
(10)5 for	(28)3 extremities,	(46)2 birthweight	(64)2 percentage
(11)5 limbs	(29)3 heart	(47)2 bounds	(65)2 quality
(12)5 the	(30)3 initial	(48)2 by	(66)2 rate
(13)4 and	(31)3 legs	(49)2 complication	(67)2 resilience
(14)4 body	(32)3 mean	(50)2 concentration	(68)2 serum
(15)4 cervical	(33)3 odds	(51)2 concentrations	(69)2 shear
(16)4 dose	(34)3 prevalence	(52)2 demineralization
(17)4 doses	(35)3 probability	(53)2 esophageal
(18)4 extremities	(36)3 sexual	(54)2 estimated

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--- WordNet output for lower --- =>1.低くする/なる, 下げる/下がる, 卑しめる, 2.しかめっ面, 3.lowの比較級 Overview of noun lower The noun lower has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts) 1. lower berth, lower -- (the lower of two berths) Overview of verb lower The verb lower has 5 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (15) lower, take down, let down, get down, bring down -- (move something or somebody to a lower position; "take down the vase from the shelf") 2. (6) lower, lour -- (set lower; "lower a rating"; "lower expectations") 3. (1) turn down, lower, lour -- (make lower or quieter; "turn down the volume of a radio") 4. lower, depress -- (cause to drop or sink; "The lack of rain had depressed the water level in the reservoir") 5. frown, glower, lour, lower -- (look angry or sullen, wrinkle one's forehead, as if to signal disapproval) Overview of adj low The adj low has 10 senses (first 6 from tagged texts) 1. (55) low -- (less than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "low prices"; "the reservoir is low") 2. (23) low -- (literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension; "low ceilings"; "low clouds"; "low hills"; "the sun is low"; "low furniture"; "a low bow") 3. (11) low, low-toned -- (very low in volume; "a low murmur"; "the low-toned murmur of the surf") 4. (6) low -- (unrefined in character; "low comedy") 5. (4) low, low-pitched -- (used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency) 6. (3) abject, low, low-down, miserable, scummy, scurvy -- (of the most contemptible kind; "abject cowardice"; "a low stunt to pull"; "a low-down sneak"; "his miserable treatment of his family"; "You miserable skunk!"; "a scummy rabble"; "a scurvy trick") 7. humble, low, lowly, modest, small -- (low or inferior in station or quality; "a humble cottage"; "a lowly parish priest"; "a modest man of the people"; "small beginnings") 8. depleted, low -- (no longer sufficient; "supplies are low"; "our funds are depleted") 9. broken, crushed, humbled, humiliated, low -- (subdued or brought low in condition or status; "brought low"; "a broken man"; "his broken spirit") 10. gloomy, grim, blue, depressed, dispirited, down, downcast, downhearted, down in the mouth, low, low-spirited -- (filled with melancholy and despondency ; "gloomy at the thought of what he had to face"; "gloomy predictions"; "a gloomy silence"; "took a grim view of the economy"; "the darkening mood"; "lonely and blue in a strange city"; "depressed by the loss of his job"; "a dispirited and resigned expression on her face"; "downcast after his defeat"; "feeling discouraged and downhearted") --- WordNet end ---