ELIZA

return kwic search for levels out of >500 occurrences
501283 occurrences (No.27 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]

296) Natural antibodies, part of the innate immunity system, are produced at strictly regulated levels in normal sera without immunization and thus are part of the innate immune system.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:24037491 DOI:10.1007/128_2013_469

2015 Topics in current chemistry

* Natural Antibodies Against Sialoglycans.

- Natural antibodies, part of the innate immunity system, are produced at strictly regulated levels in normal sera without immunization and thus are part of the innate immune system. The best studied natural antibodies are those directed against blood group antigens A and B and xeno-antigens including glycolylneuraminic acid containing Hanganutziu-Deicher (HD) glycolipid. Abnormal levels of anti-glycan antibodies were found in a number of pathologies. In many cases pathological antibodies are known to bind gangliosides. The genesis of anti-glycan antibodies in healthy humans and the reasons for their changes in pathologies are poorly understood. With a growing interest in their diagnostic applications, it is important to determine the carbohydrate structures that are recognized by antibodies present in the circulation of healthy individuals. We tested a large number of healthy donors using a printed glycan array (PGA) in a microchip format. The PGA contained ~300 glycans, representing mostly normal mammalian structures of glycoproteins and glycolipids, and many of the structures presented are biologically relevant sialylated motifs. As revealed by PGA, the sera interacted with at least 70 normal human glycans. With only few exceptions, antibodies recognizing sialosides have not been identified. Moderate levels of antibodies and moderate variability were observed in the case of SiaT n and its glycolyl variant. Unexpectedly, we found minimal antibody titer directed against Neu5Gcα and the trisaccharide Neu5Gcα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc, although this form of neuraminic acid does not occur naturally in humans. Antibodies recognizing sialosides in unnatural β-configuration have been detected and confirmed Springer's paradigm that circulating antibodies represent a reaction against bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria contain LPS with βKDN and/or βKDO which are very close analogs of Neu5Ac that are found in β-connected form. Antibodies against the biantennary N-glycan chain, (Neu5Acα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-2Manα)2-3,6-Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc were never observed and similarly we never saw antibodies directed against the SiaLe(a)/SiaLe (x) motifs. Anti-sialoglycan antibodies can be masked with gangliosides: for example, we observe about a five times higher level of anti-GD3 in purified total IgG compared to the same concentration of total Ig in the composition of native serum. For several antibodies we observed anomalous binding in diluted sera, namely, the signals towards sialylated glycans were increased in the PGA if diluted sera were used.

--- ABSTRACT END ---

[
right
kwic]

[frequency of next (right) word to levels]

(1)236 of	(8)5 at	(15)3 using	(22)2 especially
(2)40 null	(9)4 are	(16)3 while	(23)2 induced
(3)38 in	(10)4 by	(17)2 after	(24)2 or
(4)35 were	(11)4 may	(18)2 between	(25)2 to
(5)34 and	(12)4 on	(19)2 compared
(6)6 was	(13)3 did	(20)2 decreased
(7)5 as	(14)3 for	(21)2 during

add keyword

--- WordNet output for levels --- Overview of noun level The noun level has 8 senses (first 6 from tagged texts) 1. (69) degree, grade, level -- (a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality; "a moderate grade of intelligence"; "a high level of care is required"; "it is all a matter of degree") 2. (22) grade, level, tier -- (a relative position or degree of value in a graded group; "lumber of the highest grade") 3. (15) degree, level, stage, point -- (a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process; "a remarkable degree of frankness"; "at what stage are the social sciences?") 4. (5) level -- (height above ground; "the water reached ankle level"; "the pictures were at the same level") 5. (1) level, spirit level -- (indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid) 6. (1) horizontal surface, level -- (a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line; "park the car on the level") 7. level, layer, stratum -- (an abstract place usually conceived as having depth; "a good actor communicates on several levels"; "a simile has at least two layers of meaning"; "the mind functions on many strata simultaneously") 8. floor, level, storey, story -- (a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale; "what level is the office on?") Overview of verb level The verb level has 6 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (4) level -- (aim at; "level criticism or charges at somebody") 2. (1) level, raze, rase, dismantle, tear down, take down, pull down -- (tear down so as to make flat with the ground; "The building was levelled") 3. (1) flush, level, even out, even -- (make level or straight; "level the ground") 4. charge, level, point -- (direct into a position for use; "point a gun"; "He charged his weapon at me") 5. level -- (talk frankly with; lay it on the line; "I have to level with you") 6. level, level off -- (become level or even; "The ground levelled off") --- WordNet end ---