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566982 occurrences (No.17 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

464) Furthermore, the TMS-induced effect correlated with listeners' similarity judgments between listeners' and speakers' speech productions.

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PMID:24046079 DOI:10.1093/cercor/bht257

2015 Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

* Listener-speaker perceived distance predicts the degree of motor contribution to speech perception.

- Listening speech sounds activates motor and premotor areas in addition to temporal and parietal brain regions. These activations are somatotopically localized according to the effectors recruited in the production of particular phonemes. Previous work demonstrated that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of speech motor centers somatotopically altered speech perception, suggesting a role for the motor system. However, these effects seemed to occur only under adverse listening conditions, suggesting that degraded speech may stimulate listeners to adopt unnatural neural strategies relying on motor centers. Here, we investigated whether naturally occurring interspeaker variability, which did not affect task difficulty, made a speech discrimination task sensitive to TMS interference. In this paradigm, TMS over tongue and lips motor representations somatotopically altered the discrimination time of speech. Furthermore, the TMS-induced effect correlated with listeners' similarity judgments between listeners' and speakers' speech productions. Thus, the degree of motor recruitment depends on the perceived distance between listener and speaker. This result supports the claim that discriminating others' speech pattern requires the contribution of the listener's own motor repertoire. We conclude that motor recruitment in speech perception can be a natural product of discriminating speech in a normally variable and unpredictable environment, not merely related to task difficulty.

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(1)232 of	(7)9 size	(13)3 estimates	(19)2 from
(2)86 on	(8)6 and	(14)3 for	(20)2 relationships
(3)30 null	(9)4 against	(15)2 (RIBE)	(21)2 that
(4)21 was	(10)3 at	(16)2 analysis	(22)2 to
(5)15 in	(11)3 between	(17)2 are
(6)13 is	(12)3 by	(18)2 estimator

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--- WordNet output for effect --- =>趣旨, 結果, 影響, 効力, 活動, 印象, 効果, 成し遂げる Overview of noun effect The noun effect has 6 senses (first 5 from tagged texts) 1. (101) consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot -- (a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise"; "his decision had depressing consequences for business"; "he acted very wise after the event") 2. (11) impression, effect -- (an outward appearance; "he made a good impression"; "I wanted to create an impression of success"; "she retained that bold effect in her reproductions of the original painting") 3. (9) effect -- (an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived); "he just did it for effect") 4. (2) effect, essence, burden, core, gist -- (the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work) 5. (1) effect, force -- ((of a law) having legal validity; "the law is still in effect") 6. effect -- (a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; "the effects of sleep loss"; "the effect of the anesthetic") Overview of verb effect The verb effect has 2 senses (first 2 from tagged texts) 1. (17) effect, effectuate, set up -- (produce; "The scientists set up a shock wave") 2. (3) effect -- (act so as to bring into existence; "effect a change") --- WordNet end ---