* Abnormal dynamic changes in β-tubulin in somatic nuclear transfer cloned mouse embryos.
- The efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning remains low, thus limiting the applications of this technique. In this study, we used immunochemistry and confocal microscopy to detect the microtubule component, β-tubulin, in SCNT, parthenogenetic (PA), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryos before the first mitotic division. β-Tubulin is the component subunit of microtubule, which plays critical roles in regulating localization of cellular organelles, and the growth, maturation and fertilization of oocytes. Our results demonstrated similar changes of spindle patterns in PA and ICSI embryos. The second meiotic division resumed 1 h post-treatment, and the cytoplasmic asters (CAs) disappeared. After about 4-6 h of treatment, pronuclei formed with the midbodies connecting each other. Meanwhile, the CAs reappeared and a microtubule network developed in the cytoplasm. However, SCNT embryos showed abnormal multipolar spindles, and the pseudopronuclei that contained many nucleoli existed after 6 h of SrCl2 activation. Enucleated oocytes alone did not form spindle-like structures when they were artificially activated for 6 h, indicating that somatic cell chromosomes might be necessary for spindle formation in SCNT embryos. These results demonstrated abnormal changes of β-tubulin in mouse SCNT embryos, compared with PA and ICSI embryos.
Overview of verb demonstrate
The verb demonstrate has 4 senses (first 4 from tagged texts)
1. (24) show, demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate -- (give an exhibition of to an interested
audience; "She shows her dogs frequently"; "We will demo the new software in Washington")
2. (22) prove, demonstrate, establish, show, shew -- (establish the validity of something, as by an
example, explanation or experiment; "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound";
"The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture")
3. (2) attest, certify, manifest, demonstrate, evidence -- (provide evidence for; stand as proof of;
show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes; "His high fever attested to his illness";
"The buildings in Rome manifest a high level of architectural sophistication"; "This decision
demonstrates his sense of fairness")
4. (1) demonstrate, march -- (march in protest; take part in a demonstration; "Thousands
demonstrated against globalization during the meeting of the most powerful economic nations in
Seattle")
Overview of adj demonstrated
The adj demonstrated has 1 sense (first 1 from tagged texts)
1. (1) demonstrated -- (having been demonstrated or verified beyond doubt)
--- WordNet end ---