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286534 occurrences (No.87 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

318) The presented results demonstrated an anatoxin-a-like cholinergic inhibitory effects of cyanobacterial extracts (both the environmental FBS sample, and the laboratory isolate, FLI) by some (yet unidentified) toxic components in the matrix of secondary metabolites.

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PMID:24293352 DOI:10.1002/tox.21927

2015 Environmental toxicology

* Pharmacological studies confirm neurotoxic metabolite(s) produced by the bloom-forming Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Hungary.

- A rapid cyanobacterial bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (3.2 × 10(4) filaments/mL) was detected early November, 2012, in the Fancsika pond (East Hungary). The strong discoloration of water was accompanied by a substantial fish mortality (even dead cats were seen on the site), raising the possibility of some toxic metabolites in the water produced by the bloom-forming cyanobacteria (C. raciborskii). The potential neuronal targets of the toxic substances in the bloom sample were studied on identified neurons (RPas) in the central nervous system of Helix pomatia. The effects of the crude aqueous extracts of the Fancsika bloom sample (FBS) and the laboratory isolate of C. raciborskii from the pond (FLI) were compared with reference samples: C. raciborskii ACT 9505 (isolated in 1995 from Lake Balaton, Hungary), the cylindrospermopsin producer AQS, and the neurotoxin (anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a) producer Oscillatoria sp. (PCC 6506) strains. Electrophysiological tests showed that both FBS and FLI samples as well the ACT 9505 extracts modulate the acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) of the neurons, evoking ACh agonist effects, then inhibiting the ACh-evoked neuronal responses. Dose-response data suggested about the same range of toxicity of FBS and FLI samples (EC50 = 0.397 mg/mL and 0.917 mg/mL, respectively) and ACT 9505 extracts (EC50 = 0.734 mg/mL). The extract of the neurotoxin-producing PCC 6506 strain, however, proved to be the strongest inhibitor of the ACh responses on the same neurons (EC50 = 0.073 mg/mL). The presented results demonstrated an anatoxin-a-like cholinergic inhibitory effects of cyanobacterial extracts (both the environmental FBS sample, and the laboratory isolate, FLI) by some (yet unidentified) toxic components in the matrix of secondary metabolites. Previous pharmacological studies of cyanobacterial samples collected in other locations (Balaton, West Hungary) resulted in similar conclusions; therefore, we cannot exclude that this chemotype of C. raciborskii which produce anatoxin-a like neuroactive substances is more widely distributed in this region.

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(1)158 that	(10)5 good	(19)3 excellent	(28)2 efficacy
(2)48 the	(11)5 increased	(20)3 more	(29)2 greater
(3)40 a	(12)5 significantly	(21)3 no	(30)2 how
(4)23 by	(13)4 as	(22)3 that,	(31)2 successful
(5)21 to	(14)4 better	(23)2 acceptable	(32)2 through
(6)13 in	(15)4 improved	(24)2 and	(33)2 using
(7)12 null	(16)4 its	(25)2 both
(8)11 an	(17)4 similar	(26)2 decreased
(9)8 for	(18)3 between	(27)2 differential

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--- WordNet output for demonstrated --- Overview of verb demonstrate The verb demonstrate has 4 senses (first 4 from tagged texts) 1. (24) show, demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate -- (give an exhibition of to an interested audience; "She shows her dogs frequently"; "We will demo the new software in Washington") 2. (22) prove, demonstrate, establish, show, shew -- (establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment; "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound"; "The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture") 3. (2) attest, certify, manifest, demonstrate, evidence -- (provide evidence for; stand as proof of; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes; "His high fever attested to his illness"; "The buildings in Rome manifest a high level of architectural sophistication"; "This decision demonstrates his sense of fairness") 4. (1) demonstrate, march -- (march in protest; take part in a demonstration; "Thousands demonstrated against globalization during the meeting of the most powerful economic nations in Seattle") Overview of adj demonstrated The adj demonstrated has 1 sense (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (1) demonstrated -- (having been demonstrated or verified beyond doubt) --- WordNet end ---