ELIZA cgi-bash version rev. 1.90
- Medical English LInking keywords finder for the PubMed Zipped Archive (ELIZA) -
return
kwic search for changes out of >500 occurrences
332920 occurrences (No.57 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [cache]
429) These results demonstrate that despite protracted, long-term use, neurochemical changes seen following long-term drug administration do not persist following prolonged abstinence, suggesting therapeutic effects of long-term withdrawal from drug use.
* Withdrawal from long-term methamphetamine self-administration 'normalizes' neurometabolites in rhesus monkeys: a (1) H MR spectroscopy study.
- (1) H magnetic resonance spectroscopy has demonstrated alterations in several neurometabolites in methamphetamine (METH)-dependent individuals in brain regions implicated in addiction. Yet, it is unclear whether these neurochemicals return to homeostatic levels after an individual abstains from drug use, a difficult question to address due to high recidivism and poor study retention in human subjects. We thus utilized a non-human primate model of addiction to explore the effects of long-term drug exposure and withdrawal on brain neurochemistry. Ten rhesus macaque monkeys on an active METH self-administration protocol (average use 4.6 ± 0.8 years, average daily intake between 0.4 and 1.2 mg/kg) and 10 age- and sex-matched drug-naive controls (CONT) served as subjects. Concentrations of several neurochemicals were evaluated at several timepoints following withdrawal from drug availability (10 monkeys at 1 week and 1 and 3 months, and 6 monkeys at 6 and 12 months; CONT examined at one timepoint). At 1 week following METH withdrawal, we found increases in myo-inositol in anterior cingulate cortex in the METH group relative to CONT. These alterations showed a linear pattern of decreased levels ('normalization') by 1 year of abstinence. We also found decreases in glutamine and Glx (composed mainly of glutamate and glutamine) in the caudate-putamen of the same animals at early withdrawal that showed a similar linear pattern of increasing concentration by 1 year. These results demonstrate that despite protracted, long-term use, neurochemical changes seen following long-term drug administration do not persist following prolonged abstinence, suggesting therapeutic effects of long-term withdrawal from drug use.
Overview of noun change
The noun change has 10 senses (first 7 from tagged texts)
1. (46) change, alteration, modification -- (an event that occurs when something passes from one
state or phase to another; "the change was intended to increase sales"; "this storm is certainly a
change for the worse"; "the neighborhood had undergone few modifications since his last visit years
ago")
2. (45) change -- (a relational difference between states; especially between states before and
after some event; "he attributed the change to their marriage")
3. (17) change -- (the action of changing something; "the change of government had no impact on the
economy"; "his change on abortion cost him the election")
4. (13) change -- (the result of alteration or modification; "there were marked changes in the
lining of the lungs"; "there had been no change in the mountains")
5. (2) change -- (the balance of money received when the amount you tender is greater than the
amount due; "I paid with a twenty and pocketed the change")
6. (1) change -- (a thing that is different; "he inspected several changes before selecting one")
7. (1) change -- (a different or fresh set of clothes; "she brought a change in her overnight bag")
8. change -- (coins of small denomination regarded collectively; "he had a pocketful of change")
9. change -- (money received in return for its equivalent in a larger denomination or a different
currency; "he got change for a twenty and used it to pay the taxi driver")
10. variety, change -- (a difference that is usually pleasant; "he goes to France for variety"; "it
is a refreshing change to meet a woman mechanic")
Overview of verb change
The verb change has 10 senses (first 8 from tagged texts)
1. (57) change, alter, modify -- (cause to change; make different; cause a transformation; "The
advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"; "The discussion has
changed my thinking about the issue")
2. (54) change -- (undergo a change; become different in essence; losing one's or its original
nature; "She changed completely as she grew older"; "The weather changed last night")
3. (13) change, alter, vary -- (become different in some particular way, without permanently losing
one's or its former characteristics or essence; "her mood changes in accordance with the weather";
"The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season")
4. (7) switch, shift, change -- (lay aside, abandon, or leave for another; "switch to a different
brand of beer"; "She switched psychiatrists"; "The car changed lanes")
5. (6) change -- (change clothes; put on different clothes; "Change before you go to the opera")
6. (5) change, exchange, commute, convert -- (exchange or replace with another, usually of the same
kind or category; "Could you convert my dollars into pounds?"; "He changed his name"; "convert
centimeters into inches"; "convert holdings into shares")
7. (3) exchange, change, interchange -- (give to, and receive from, one another; "Would you change
places with me?"; "We have been exchanging letters for a year")
8. (3) transfer, change -- (change from one vehicle or transportation line to another; "She changed
in Chicago on her way to the East coast")
9. deepen, change -- (become deeper in tone; "His voice began to change when he was 12 years old";
"Her voice deepened when she whispered the password")
10. change -- (remove or replace the coverings of; "Father had to learn how to change the baby";
"After each guest we changed the bed linens")
--- WordNet end ---