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return kwic search for changes out of >500 occurrences
332920 occurrences (No.57 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

365) The fundamental mechanisms underlying these programmed changes are still to be fully defined, although epigenetic mechanisms may play an important role.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:23749690 DOI:10.1007/s12282-013-0478-y

2015 Medycyna wieku rozwojowego

* Early life programming of obesity.

- As the prevalence of obesity increases across the globe, vast efforts are being directed towards understanding the origins of obesity and mechanisms underlying this rapid increase. It is well known that the current environment of an individual can affect body weight, however, growing evidence suggests that the environment in very early life may be particularly important in determining long term obesity risk. This was prompted by a series of epidemiological studies demonstrating a relationship between suboptimal early growth and later risk of obesity. Evidence from human studies as well as animal models have shown that alterations in nutrition and growth in utero and during early postnatal life can have permanent effects on systems mediating regulation of energy balance. Rapid postnatal growth in particular has been associated with increased risk of developing obesity while slower postnatal growth lowers this risk. Alterations in pathways mediating energy homeostasis have been associated with both patterns of early growth. These include changes in structure and function of neuronal pathways in the brain which lead to deregulation of pathways mediating energy balance. In addition to the alterations at the central level, early nutrition can have detrimental long-lasting effects on peripheral physiological systems, for example the storage of fat and utilization of nutrients that make an individual more prone to development of obesity. The fundamental mechanisms underlying these programmed changes are still to be fully defined, although epigenetic mechanisms may play an important role.

--- ABSTRACT END ---

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[frequency of next (right) word to changes]

(1)247 in	(8)8 that	(15)3 have	(22)2 for
(2)31 of	(9)7 during	(16)3 over	(23)2 induced
(3)26 null	(10)6 may	(17)3 the	(24)2 or
(4)26 were	(11)5 at	(18)3 was	(25)2 related
(5)15 to	(12)4 on	(19)2 accompany	(26)2 seen
(6)13 and	(13)3 as	(20)2 can	(27)2 such
(7)8 are	(14)3 by	(21)2 could	(28)2 which

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--- WordNet output for changes --- Overview of noun change The noun change has 10 senses (first 7 from tagged texts) 1. (46) change, alteration, modification -- (an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another; "the change was intended to increase sales"; "this storm is certainly a change for the worse"; "the neighborhood had undergone few modifications since his last visit years ago") 2. (45) change -- (a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event; "he attributed the change to their marriage") 3. (17) change -- (the action of changing something; "the change of government had no impact on the economy"; "his change on abortion cost him the election") 4. (13) change -- (the result of alteration or modification; "there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs"; "there had been no change in the mountains") 5. (2) change -- (the balance of money received when the amount you tender is greater than the amount due; "I paid with a twenty and pocketed the change") 6. (1) change -- (a thing that is different; "he inspected several changes before selecting one") 7. (1) change -- (a different or fresh set of clothes; "she brought a change in her overnight bag") 8. change -- (coins of small denomination regarded collectively; "he had a pocketful of change") 9. change -- (money received in return for its equivalent in a larger denomination or a different currency; "he got change for a twenty and used it to pay the taxi driver") 10. variety, change -- (a difference that is usually pleasant; "he goes to France for variety"; "it is a refreshing change to meet a woman mechanic") Overview of verb change The verb change has 10 senses (first 8 from tagged texts) 1. (57) change, alter, modify -- (cause to change; make different; cause a transformation; "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"; "The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue") 2. (54) change -- (undergo a change; become different in essence; losing one's or its original nature; "She changed completely as she grew older"; "The weather changed last night") 3. (13) change, alter, vary -- (become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence; "her mood changes in accordance with the weather"; "The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season") 4. (7) switch, shift, change -- (lay aside, abandon, or leave for another; "switch to a different brand of beer"; "She switched psychiatrists"; "The car changed lanes") 5. (6) change -- (change clothes; put on different clothes; "Change before you go to the opera") 6. (5) change, exchange, commute, convert -- (exchange or replace with another, usually of the same kind or category; "Could you convert my dollars into pounds?"; "He changed his name"; "convert centimeters into inches"; "convert holdings into shares") 7. (3) exchange, change, interchange -- (give to, and receive from, one another; "Would you change places with me?"; "We have been exchanging letters for a year") 8. (3) transfer, change -- (change from one vehicle or transportation line to another; "She changed in Chicago on her way to the East coast") 9. deepen, change -- (become deeper in tone; "His voice began to change when he was 12 years old"; "Her voice deepened when she whispered the password") 10. change -- (remove or replace the coverings of; "Father had to learn how to change the baby"; "After each guest we changed the bed linens") --- WordNet end ---