ELIZA

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560012 occurrences (No.18 in the rank) during 5 years in the PubMed. [no cache] 500 found

409) The analysis results in a number of guidelines and recommendations for agreement studies, including the recommendation to use alternatives to the kappa index in certain situations.

--- ABSTRACT ---

PMID:22232301 DOI:10.1177/0962280211433597

2015 Statistical methods in medical research

* Some common errors of experimental design, interpretation and inference in agreement studies.

- We signal and discuss common methodological errors in agreement studies and the use of kappa indices, as found in publications in the medical and behavioural sciences. Our analysis is based on a proposed statistical model that is in line with the typical models employed in metrology and measurement theory. A first cluster of errors is related to nonrandom sampling, which results in a potentially substantial bias in the estimated agreement. Second, when class prevalences are strongly nonuniform, the use of the kappa index becomes precarious, as its large partial derivatives result in typically large standard errors of the estimates. In addition, the index reflects rather one-sidedly in such cases the consistency of the most prevalent class, or the class prevalences themselves. A final cluster of errors concerns interpretation pitfalls, which may lead to incorrect conclusions based on agreement studies. These interpretation issues are clarified on the basis of the proposed statistical modelling. The signalled errors are illustrated from actual studies published in prestigious journals. The analysis results in a number of guidelines and recommendations for agreement studies, including the recommendation to use alternatives to the kappa index in certain situations.

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(1)124 of	(12)7 is	(23)3 suggested	(34)2 method
(2)63 null	(13)6 with	(24)3 we	(35)2 no
(3)35 was	(14)5 based	(25)3 yielded	(36)2 patients
(4)22 and	(15)5 on	(26)2 (FEA)	(37)2 results
(5)21 showed	(16)5 were	(27)2 allele	(38)2 reveals
(6)19 revealed	(17)4 as	(28)2 because	(39)2 suggests
(7)10 in	(18)4 confirmed	(29)2 by	(40)2 that
(8)9 indicated	(19)4 demonstrated	(30)2 during	(41)2 tools
(9)8 the	(20)4 using	(31)2 found
(10)8 to	(21)3 identified	(32)2 further
(11)7 for	(22)3 shows	(33)2 has

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--- WordNet output for analysis --- =>詳細な検討, 分解, 分析, 解析, 見方, 精神分析 Overview of noun analysis The noun analysis has 6 senses (first 3 from tagged texts) 1. (45) analysis -- (an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole) 2. (5) analysis, analytic thinking -- (the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations) 3. (2) analysis -- (a form of literary criticism in which the structure of a piece of writing is analyzed) 4. analysis -- (the use of closed-class words instead of inflections: e.g., `the father of the bride' instead of `the bride's father') 5. analysis -- (a branch of mathematics involving calculus and the theory of limits; sequences and series and integration and differentiation) 6. psychoanalysis, analysis, depth psychology -- (a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders; based on the theories of Sigmund Freud; "his physician recommended psychoanalysis") --- WordNet end ---